Evaluation of customized peripheral sealing device acceptance for surgical/medical masks among dental professionals during early COVID-19 pandemic / Evaluación de la aceptación de dispositivos de sellado periférico personalizados para máscaras quirúrgicas/médicas entre dentistas durante la pandemia temprana de COVID-19

Abstract A 3-dimensional (3D) printed custom-frame can improve the peripheral seal of readily available surgical/medical masks. This study aimed to assess the acceptance of a 3D-printed custom-frame with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) surgical/medical masks and the use of a face shield. A total of 206 subjects from a dental school participated, who answered a multiple-choice questionnaire. Participants received an invitation through the institutional email of the school via Qualtrics platform. 3D printed custom-frames were fabricated for each participant. According to their response, participants were divided into 4 groups: mask only (M), mask and frame (MF), mask and face shield (MFS), and all 3 personal protective equipment (MFFS). Data was analyzed in absolute and relative frequency. The acceptance of a 3D-printed custom-frame in the group MFFS varied between ''poor''/''very poor'' (44.7%). It allowed ''good'' performance of routine procedures (40.3%), but ''poor'' visual quality (48.1%). Musculoskeletal tolerance and ease to perform movements were adequate. There was no interference in olfactory sensitivity (44.7%) or in the ability to breathe (34.5%). Finally, it showed "moderate pain" (48.1%) on the ear and "no pain" (38.9%) on the head. The 3D-printed custom-frame adapted to ASTM surgical/medical face masks showed reasonable tolerance. Side effects of ear pain ranging in degrees were noted. Further research is indicated to evaluate safety, comfort, compliance, side effects, and occupational hazards of long-term use of enhanced PPE recommendations.Avoiding the recurrent outbreaks of COVID-19, the use of PPE by the public is necessary. Improper PPE use is a major source of concern for human and environmental health. Preventing such activities can be done by following steps involved in PPE disposals or by getting a new way to re-use such as improving peripherical sealing. Our work highlights that a custom-frame can improve protection, without adverse effects.

Resumen El sellado periférico de las máscaras médicas/quirúrgicas puede ser mejorado fácilmente mediante un marco personalizado impreso en 3 dimensiones (3D). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la aceptación de un marco personalizado impreso en 3D cuando usado en combinacion con máscaras médicas/quirúrgicas de la Sociedad Estadounidense para Pruebas y Materiales (ASTM) asi como con el uso de protector facial. Participaron un total de 206 sujetos de una facultad de odontología, quienes respondieron un cuestionario de opción múltiple. Los participantes recibieron una invitación a través del correo institucional de la escuela a través de la plataforma Qualtrics. Se fabricaron marcos personalizados impresos en 3D para cada participante. Según su respuesta, los participantes se dividieron en 4 grupos: solo máscara (M), máscara y marco (MF), máscara y protector facial (MFS) y los 3 equipos de protección personal (MFFS). Los datos se analizaron en frecuencia absoluta y relativa. La aceptación de un marco personalizado impreso en 3D en el grupo MFFS varió entre ''pobre''/''muy pobre'' (44,7%). Permitió un ''buen'' desempeño de los procedimientos de rutina (40,3%), pero una ''mala'' calidad visual (48,1%). La tolerancia musculoesquelética y la facilidad para realizar movimientos fueron adecuadas. No hubo interferencia en la sensibilidad olfativa (44,7%) ni en la capacidad de respirar (34,5%). Finalmente, mostró "dolor moderado" (48,1%) en el oído y "sin dolor" (38,9%) en la cabeza. El marco personalizado impreso en 3D adaptado a las máscaras faciales quirúrgicas/ médicas de ASTM mostró una tolerancia razonable. Se observaron efectos secundarios de dolor de oído que variaron en grados. Estudios futuros deben evaluar la seguridad, la comodidad, efectos secundarios y los riesgos laborales del uso a largo plazo para este tipo de combinación. Para evitar los brotes recurrentes de COVID-19, es necesario el uso de equipamento personal de protección (EPP) por parte del público. El uso inadecuado de EPP es una fuente importante de preocupación para la salud humana y ambiental. La prevención de tales actividades se puede hacer siguiendo los pasos involucrados en la eliminación de EPP o obteniendo una nueva forma de reutilización, como mejorar el sellado periférico. Nuestro trabajo resalta que un marco personalizado puede mejorar la proteccion, sin afectos adversos.

Impact of different evaluation methods for diagnostic tasks in panoramic radiography / Impacto de diferentes métodos de evaluación durante el diagnóstico en la radiografía panorámica

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the observers diagnostic performance in panoramic radiography using monitor, tablet, X-ray image view box, and against window daylight as a visualization method in different diagnostic tasks. Thirty panoramic radiography were assessed by three calibrated observers for each visualization method, in standardized light conditions, concerning dental caries, widened periodontal ligament space, and periapical bone defects from the four first molars; mucosal thickening and retention cysts in maxillary sinus; and stylo-hyoid ligament calcification and atheroma. A five-point confidence scale was used. The standard-reference was performed by two experienced observers. Diagnostic values using window light were significantly lower for caries and periapical bone defect and retention cyst, stylo-hyoid ligament calcification detection (p<0.05). For atheroma detection, X-ray image view box, tablet, and widow light had lower accuracy than the evaluation on the monitor (p<0.05). Observers diagnostic performances are worsened using window light as an evaluation method for panoramic radiography for dental, sinus, and calcification disorders, while the monitor was the most reliable method.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el desempeño diagnóstico de los observadores en la radiografía panorámica utilizando monitor, tablet, caja de visualización de imágenes de rayos X y contra la luz del día de la ventana como método de visualización en diferentes tareas de diagnóstico. Treinta radiografías panorámicas fueron evaluadas por tres observadores calibrados para cada método de visualización, en condiciones de luz estandarizadas, con respecto a caries dental, espacio del ligamento periodontal ensanchado y defectos óseos periapicales de los cuatro primeros molares; engrosamiento de la mucosa y quistes de retención en el seno maxilar; y calcificación y ateroma del ligamento estilohioideo. Se utilizó una escala de confianza de cinco puntos. La referencia estándar fue realizada por dos observadores experimentados. Los valores diagnósticos con luz de ventana fueron significativamente menores para caries y defecto óseo periapical y quiste de retención, detección de calcificación del ligamento estilohioideo (p <0.05). Para la detección de ateroma, la caja de visualización de imágenes de rayos X, el tablet y la luz de viuda tuvieron una precisión menor que la evaluación en el monitor (p <0.05). El rendimiento diagnóstico del observador empeora al utilizar la luz de la ventana como método de evaluación de la radiografía panorámica para los trastornos dentales, de los senos nasales y de la calcificación, mientras que el monitor fue el método más fiable.

Incidental finding of bullous concha by cone beam computed tomography / Hallazgo incidental de concha bullosa por tomografía computarizada de haz cónico

Abstract This study aimed to describe the imaging aspects of a concha bullosa discovered incidentally by means of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging. A female patient underwent a CBCT exam, and a bilateral extensive pneumatization of the middle concha was verified, presenting a larger dimension of the right side and a deviated septum. The patient reported nasal obstruction and loss of smell. The CBCT for covering the maxillofacial region allowed the discovery of this incidental finding, allowing the patient to be referred for appropriate treatment.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir los aspectos imaginológicos de una concha bullosa hallada incidentalmente por medio de imágenes de tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (TCHC). Una paciente de sexo femenino fue sometida a examen de TCHC y se verificó una neumatización extensa bilateral de la concha media, presentando una mayor dimensión del lado derecho, asi como desvío del tabique. El paciente refirió obstrucción nasal y pérdida del olfato. La TCHC de la región maxilofacial permitió localizar este hallazgo incidental, permitiendo derivar al paciente para el tratamiento adecuado.

COVID-19 pandemic accelerated virtual transformation in dental education: a multicenter review of remote teaching and teledentistry / Transformação virtual acelerada pela pandemia de COVID-19 na educação odontológica: uma revisão multicêntrica do ensino à distância e da teleodontologia

ABSTRACT Although prior to the pandemic there was some resistance to the virtualization of dental education, the COVID-19 pandemic is providing us a unique opportunity to overcome several barriers that previously blocked the adoption of remote teaching and teledentistry. Thanks to the extended availability of telecommunications, digital technologies, and platforms, remote education and teledentistry appear to be the preferred choice to maintain dental education and patient care active under this pandemic, without contamination risks. In this paper, we review valid remote education strategies and possible alternatives useful in virtual transformation in dental education. Furthermore, the role of teledentistry and its advantages and challenges are also revised. Under the current pandemic context, as dental educators, we are called to be creative and flexible. Every dental school should adapt and use remote education as much as possible until clinical attention can be readopted. The evidence presented in this review supports our position that under this pandemic, remote education and telemedicine/teledentistry may be "the virtual convenient solution", to adapt and improve the hitherto classic way of teaching dentistry through tele-education.

RESUMO Embora antes da pandemia houvesse alguma resistência à virtualização da educação odontológica, a pandemia COVID-19 está nos fornecendo uma oportunidade única de superar várias barreiras que anteriormente bloqueavam a adoção do ensino à distância e teledontologia. Graças à ampla disponibilidade de telecomunicações, tecnologias digitais e plataformas, a educação à distância e a teledontologia parecem ser a escolha preferida para manter a educação odontológica e o atendimento ativo aos pacientes durante a pandemia, sem riscos de contaminação. Neste artigo, revisamos estratégias válidas de educação a distância e possíveis alternativas úteis na transformação virtual na educação odontológica. Além disso, o papel do teleodontologia e suas vantagens, assim como também os desafios. No atual contexto pandêmico, como educadores odontológicos, somos chamados a ser criativos e flexíveis. Cada escola de odontologia deve se adaptar e usar a educação à distância, tanto quanto possível, até que a atenção clínica possa ser readotada. As evidências apresentadas nesta revisão corroboram nossa posição de que, sob esta pandemia, a educação a distância e a telemedicina / teleodontologia podem ser "a solução virtual conveniente", para adaptar e aprimorar a forma até então clássica de ensino de odontologia, agora por meio da teleducação.

Strategies and operational procedures in oral radiology to mitigate potential SARS-CoV-2 transmission / Estrategias y procedimientos operacionales en Radiología Oral para mitigar transmisión de SARS-CoV-2

SUMMARY Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is highly transmissible through respiratory droplets, saliva, and aerosol particles. Infection can lead to severe acute respiratory syndrome and trigger multi-organ failure and death. Most clinical dental procedures involve contact with saliva or the generation of aerosols with saliva and blood. These airborne particles increase the risk of transmission by COVID-19 between dentists and patients. Thus, dentistry must adopt procedures to reduce transmission during dental procedures. Although these strategies may not be directly applicable to all institutions due to cultural, social, geographical, and economic differences, the underlying principles and implemented strategies remain relevant and can be adopted or modified by the institutions dealing with the current COVID-19 outbreak. The purpose of this article is to discuss one of the principal sources of COVID-19 transmission: saliva, the biofluid most frequently handled in a radiology environment. The authors also recommend strategies and operational procedures to decrease the spread of COVID-19 in a radiological routine.

RESUMEN La enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) se transmite fácilmente a través de gotitas respiratorias, saliva y partículas de aerosol. La infección puede desencadenar un síndrome respiratorio agudo severo, insuficiencia multiorgánica y, en algunos casos, la muerte. Los procedimientos clínicos dentales determinan el contacto con saliva o la generación de aerosoles con saliva y sangre, lo que implica un alto riesgo de transmisión por COVID-19 entre odontólogos y pacientes. Por ello, la práctica odontologica debe adoptar medidas para detener la propagación durante los procedimientos dentales. En este artículo se revisan las estrategias para mitigar el riesgo de transmisión de COVID-19. Si bien estas estrategias pueden no ser directamente aplicables a todas las instituciones debido a diferencias culturales, sociales, geográficas y económicas inherentes, los principios subyacentes y las estrategias implementadas siguen siendo relevantes y pueden ser adoptados o modificados por las instituciones que se ocupan del brote actual de COVID-19. El propósito de este artículo es discutir una de las principales fuentes de transmisión de COVID-19: la saliva, el biofluido que se maneja con mayor frecuencia en un entorno radiológico. Los autores también recomiendan estrategias y procedimientos operativos para disminuir la propagación de COVID-19 en una rutina radiológica.

Association between maxillary sinus pathologies and healthy teeth / Relação entre doenças no seio maxilar e dentes hígidos

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The proximity of the roots to the maxillary sinus can create a variety of risks. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between the roots of healthy teeth and the maxillary sinus, as well as the occurrence of sinus pathologies. METHODS: Three radiologists analyzed 109 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. The Kappa test was used to assess the intra- and inter-rater agreement. The chi-squared test and prevalence ratio were used to test the hypothesis that roots of healthy teeth in the maxillary sinus favored the occurrence of sinus pathologies ( p = 0.01). RESULTS: Intra- and inter-rater agreement ranged from good to excellent. The chi-squared test demonstrated a statistically significant difference ( p = 0.006) between the tooth roots in diseased maxillary sinuses (6.09%) and those in normal sinuses (3.43%). The prevalence ratio test showed a statistically significant higher prevalence of tooth roots in diseased sinuses than in normal sinuses ( p < 0.0001). Roots in the maxillary sinus were 1.82 times more associated with diseased sinuses. CONCLUSION: Dental roots in the maxillary sinus are almost twice as likely to be associated with diseased sinuses than normal sinuses. Healthy teeth whose roots are inside the maxillary sinus may induce an inflammatory response in the sinus membrane. It is suspected that dental procedures may exacerbate the condition.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A proximidade das raízes com o seio maxilar pode criar uma variedade de riscos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre as raízes dos dentes hígidos com o seio maxilar, assim como com a ocorrência de doenças sinusais. MÉTODO: Três radiologistas analisaram 109 imagens de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). O teste Kappa avaliou a concordância intra e interexaminadores. Os testes de Qui-quadrado e Razão de Prevalência foram utilizados para testar a hipótese de que raízes de dentes hígidos dentro do seio maxilar favorecem a ocorrência doenças sinusais (nível de significância = 0,01). RESULTADOS: A concordância intra e interexaminadores variou de boa a excelente. O teste Qui-quadrado mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0,006) entre as raízes dentárias dentro do seio maxilar patológico (6,09%) e aquelas dentro do seio normal (3,43%). O teste de Razão de Prevalência mostrou uma ocorrência de raízes dentárias dentro de seios patológicos estatisticamente maior do que dentro de seios normais (p < 0,0001). As raízes dentro do seio maxilar foram encontradas 1,82 vezes mais associadas a seios patológicos. CONCLUSÃO: Raízes dentárias dentro do seio maxilar são quase duas vezes mais associadas a seios patológicos do que a seios normais. Dentes hígidos que têm raízes dentro do seio maxilar podem induzir uma resposta inflamatória da mucosa sinusal. Suspeita-se que procedimentos odontológicos possam agravar tal situação.

Terapia celular para el tratamiento de úlceras crónicas / Cell therapy in chronic ulcers treatment

INTRODUCCIÓN: las úlceras por presión son producto de una necrosis isquémica en la piel y tejido subcutáneo, se presentan en pacientes inmovilizados por etiología diversa, y en estadios avanzados incrementan la mortalidad. La terapia celular con Células Madre Somáticas, que se diferencian y proliferan a células maduras funcionalmente normales, tiene la finalidad de reparar la función de tejidos lesionados. OBJETIVO: Evidenciar la eficacia de las Células Madre Somáticas de médula ósea en la reparación de úlceras crónicas por presión, como una posibilidad terapéutica en los tratamientos convencionales no exitosos. MÉTODO: Se estudió 4 pacientes con úlceras crónicas por presión en estadios avanzados y refractarias a tratamiento convencional. Se obtuvo Células Madre Somáticas de la médula ósea del esternón, y se procedió al sembrado de las mismas una vez por semana. Resultados.- Las Células Madre Somáticas sembradas en las úlceras crónicas se diferenciaron en tejido muscular, conjuntivo, subcutáneo y epitelial en un periodo comprendido entre 30 a 69 días. CONCLUSIÓN: la terapia celular con Células Madre Somáticas de médula ósea se constituye en una posibilidad terapéutica en úlceras crónicas de estadios avanzados y refractarias a tratamiento convencional.

INTRODUCTION: chronic pressure ulcers result from an ischemic necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. This type of ulcers occurs in patients physically restrained by different etiology and in advanced stages increase mortality. Cell therapy allows to regenerate the function of injured tissues by using somatic stem cells that differentiate and proliferate into mature cells on order to repair injured tissues. OBJECTIVE: to demonstrate the effectiveness ofusing Somatic Stem Cells obtained from bone marrow in chronic pressure ulcers treatment, as a likely therapeutic option to unsuccessful conventional treatments. METHOD: it was studied 4 patients with chronic pressure ulcers in advanced stages and refractory to conventional treatment. It was obtained Somatic Stem Cells from the bone marrow and followed a process of seeding on a weekly basis. RESULTS: somatic Stem Cells seeded in chronic pressure ulcers differentiated into muscle, connective, epithelial and subcutaneous tissues. The repair of injured tissues lasted between 30 to 69 days. CONCLUSION: cell therapy by using Somatic Stem Cells from bone marrow constitutes a therapeutic option in chronic ulcers of advanced stages and refractory to conventional treatment.

Racionalización de la dosis de radiación / Streamlining the radiation dose

En la actualidad existe una gran aceptación por la medicina y la odontología, en que la práctica clínica debe ser ôbasada en evidencia científicaõ, tanto como sea posible. Es por eso que múltiples trabajos se han publicado orientados a disminuir las dosis de radiación en los diferentes tipos de modalidades imaginológicas usados en la odontología, ya que el mayor efecto de las radiaciones, sobre todo en niños, nos obliga a tomar medidas necesarias para racionalizar su uso, especialmente con la tomografía computarizada Cone Beam (TCCB), método que aporta las mayores dosis en la odontología. Esta revisión fue escrita utilizando un enfoque de este tipo con el propósito de racionalizar la dosis de radiación en nuestros pacientes. El equipo del proyecto SEDENTEXCT recopiló y analizó relevantes publicaciones en la literatura, pautas que han demostrado su eficacia en el pasado, para llegar a formular recomendaciones que contribuyan a la optimización del uso de las radiaciones ionizantes en la odontología, ayudando de esa manera a ver con otros ojos la dosis recibida por los pacientes, y con la presente se recomienda tener en cuenta dicho documento para poder prescribir de manera más adecuada los exámenes complementarios que usamos diariamente...

There is now wide acceptance in medicine and dentistry that clinical practice should be as ôevidence-basedõ as possible. Which is why many works have been published aimed at reducing radiation doses in different types of imaging modalities in dentistry, and that the major effect of radiation especially in children requires us to take necessary steps to rationalize their use especially the Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) method that provides the highest doses in dentistry. This review was written using this approach because of the purpose of streamlining the radiation dose in our patients. SEDENTEXCT team collected and analyzed relevant publications in the literature, guidelines that have proven effective in the past to reach recommendations, which can contribute to optimizing the use of ionizing radiation in dentistry, helping to see with others eyes the dose received by our patients. This paper recommend to consider the SEDENTEXCT project to prescribe more appropriately complementary exams we use daily...

2D and 3D imaging of the relationship between maxillary sinus and posterior teeth

Aim: To compare the qualitative and quantitative information yielded by imaging modalities on the evaluation of the relationship between the maxillary sinus and the apices of posterior teeth. Methods: Three oral radiologists examined 109 panoramic radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images obtained from a digital archive. A total of 1,875 apices were classified according to their topographic relationship in both imaging modalities. Agreements between the two imaging techniques were examined statistically. The evaluation was repeated in 25% of the sample to statistically evaluate the intraobserver agreement, with a 30-day interval. Results: The values found in the Kappa test for qualitative assessment and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for quantitative assessment showed nearly perfect and excellent correlation, respectively. Regarding the correlation between the two images, the Kappa test in the quality assessment showed a slight correlation between the palatal roots of the right first molars and second molars. Moreover, the quantitative evaluation by ICC showed poor agreement for the palatal roots of the left first molar and second molar, as well as for the buccomesial of the right second molars and for the buccodistal of the left second molars.Conclusions: There is low correlation between panoramic radiography and CBCT when roots are in contact or above the maxillary sinus floor. A high level of agreement was observed when roots are below the maxillary sinus floor.

Utilización del prototipado rápido en la odontología / The use of rapid prototyping in dentistry

Nuevas técnicas van acompañando la evolución de la odontología y buscan superar obstáculos presentes en la actualidad. El prototipado rápido (PR) fue insertado en el medio odontológico con el propósito de auxiliar procedimientos, minimizar riesgos y disminuir el tiempo quirúrgico. A partir de exámenes tomográficos y de resonancia magnética, son creados diseños asistidos por medio de un computador específico, luego de ello son transformados en un lenguaje propio, para que a partir de ahí, estos diseños sean transformados en objetos físicos en 3 dimensiones (prototipos), fieles al modelo inicial hecho en la computadora. Existen muchas técnicas para la confección de los modelos 3D, variando el tipo de material que se añadirá, por el proceso de adición en capas. Muchas son las áreas beneficiadas por el PR; sin embargo, cirugia, implantología, prótesis y ortodoncia, asimilaron más los principios de esta técnica la cual está ayudando de manera significativa en su práctica diaria. Los beneficios del PR son numerosos, sea en la disminución de riesgos quirúrgicos, precisión de maniobras, disminución de tiempo transoperatorio, estética en los procedimientos y hasta en la comunicación entre el cirujano dentista y el paciente. Las desventajas de la técnica incluyen el elevado costo inicial y un considerable tiempo de preparación del prototipado. Lo que se viene observando es que el PR se está convirtiendo cada vez más de uso cotidiano odontológico y sus beneficios superan algunas desventajas aún persistentes...

New techniques have been accompanying the development of dentistry and seek to overcome obstacles present nowadays. The Rapid Prototyping (RP) was inserted into the dentistry in order to assist procedures, minimize risk and reduce the surgical time. From Computed Tomography exams and Magnetic Resonance, are been created design assisted by a specific computer, then processed in its own language; so from there, such designs are transformed into physical objects in 3 dimensions (prototype), trusted in the initial model created in the computer. There are many techniques for production of 3D models, varying the type of material that will be added by the process of adding layers. Many areas were benefited by the PR, however Surgery, Implantology, Orthodontics and Prosthodontics, absorbed the principles of this technique which is helping significantly in their daily practice. The benefits of PR are undisputed, whether in the reduction of surgical risks, precision maneuvers, and gain time in the trans-operative period, cosmetic procedures and in the communication between the dentist and the patient. The disadvantages of the technique are also reported as high initial cost and considerable time preparing the prototype. What has been observed is that this PR is becoming increasingly present in the dental practice and the benefits are overcoming some disadvantages still persistent...

La tomografía computarizada cone beam en la ortodoncia, ortopedia facial y funcional / Cone beam computed tomography use in orthodontics, functional facial orthopedics

La Tomografía Computarizada Cone Beam (TCCB) es una tecnología en rápido desarrollo que proporciona imágenes de alta resolución espacial del complejo craneofacial en tres dimensiones (3D). Durante la última década, el número de publicaciones relacionadas a la TCCB en la literatura se ha incrementado de manera significativa, pero la cuestión fundamental es si esta tecnología conduce a mejores resultados. La TCCB y su aplicación en la ortodoncia es muy importante ya que esta nueva tecnología va evolucionando cada vez más rápido y nuevas imágenes se necesitan para responder algunos casos como los de recidiva. La imagen tomográfica nos va permitir tener una visión diferente comparando con las imágenes convencionales, y esta visión va de la mano con los movimientos realizados para la corrección de la maloclusión o desproporción facial...

Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is a rapidly evolving technology that provides high spatial resolution of the craniofacial complex in three dimensions (3D). During the last decade, the number of publications related to CBCT in the literature has increased significantly, but the fundamental question is whether this technology leads to better results. CBCT and the application in orthodontics is very important as this new technology evolves ever faster and new images are needed to answer some cases, for example cases of recurrence. The tomographic image will allow us to give a different view compared to conventional images, and this view goes hand in hand with the movements for correcting malocclusion or facial disproportion...

Leucemia bifenotípica aguda B/T: presentación de caso clínico / Biphenotypic acute leukemia: case report

La leucemia bifenotípica aguda (LBA) es una enfermedad poco frecuente que comprende alrededor de 2 al 5% del total de casos de todas las leucemias. La LBA se caracteriza por la expresión asociada de 2 o más marcadores de diferentes líneas celulares en la población celular de blastos. Al respecto, la clasificación de neoplasias hematológicas y linfoides realizada por la OMS el 2008, incorporó los criterios de EGIL para el diagnóstico de este tipo de leucemia. La leucemia bifenotípica, que muestra fenotipos B y T es extremadamente rara y de mal pronóstico por lo que existe poca información respecto al manejo clínico de estos pacientes. Actualmente no existe un tratamiento estándar para estos casos, ya que no se pueden realizar estudios clínicos aleatorizados debido a la baja incidencia de la LBA. Sin embargo, el uso del protocolo Hiper CVAD (hiperfraccionamiento de ciclofosfamida, vincristina, adriamicina y dexametasona; y altas dosis de citarabina y metotrexato) ha logrado un 78% de remisión completa y una media de duración de sobrevivencia de 27 meses. Recientemente la incorporación de inhibidores de la tirosina kinasa (imatinib, nilotinib o dasatinib) en combinación con el protocolo hiperCVAD ha mejorado la tasa de remisión completa durante la inducción. En este trabajo reportamos el caso de un paciente diagnosticado con leucemia bifenotípica B/T cuya población clonal presentó positividad para marcadores linfoides, obteniéndose una puntuación de 6,5 para el linaje B y 4,5 para el linaje T según los criterios de EGIL.

Biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL) is an uncommon disease comprising approximately from 2 to 5% of all leukemia cases. BAL is characterized by the associated expression of two or more markers of different cell lines in a single blasts population. In this regard, 2008 WHO Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues included EGIL score system for diagnosing this type of leukemia. The biphenotypic leukemia that expresses B and T phenotypes is extremely unusual and it has poor prognosis. Due to low incidence of BAL, it is not possible to conduct randomized trials and consequently little is known about the clinical management of this kind of patients. Currently, there is no a standard treatment for these cases. However, the use of Hyper-CVAD regimen (hyperfractionated of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, adriamycin, and dexamethasone; and high dose of methotrexate and cytarabine) has achieved a 78% of complete remission with an average survival of 27 months; and the incorporation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib, nilotinib or dasatinib) has improved the remission rate during induction. We report the case of a patient whose clones gave positive for B and T lymphoid markers and according to EGIL score system, it was obtained 6.5 for B lineage and 4.5 for Tlineage

Reliability of measurements on virtual models obtained from scanning of impressions and conventional plaster models

Aim: To evaluate the reliability of linear measurements in virtual models by comparing measurements performed on virtual models obtained from alginate impression scans, plaster model and measurements performed on conventional plaster model. Methods: The sample comprised 26 randomly selected patients to have impressions of their upper and lower jaws taken using alginate and their bite registration using a wax bite. The virtual models were obtained by scanning the alginate impression and the plaster model in a laser surface scanner (R700; 3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark), and the measurements were performed using the Ortho Analyser (3Shape) proprietary software. The linear measurements of the size of the teeth mesial to distal, arch perimeter, intercanine distance and intermolar distance in the upper and lower arches were performed on plaster models, digital impressions and digital models, by three observers and repeated after 15 days on 8 models for intra-observer evaluations. Data were tabulated and analyzed statistically. Intra-class correlation to check the agreement of intra and inter-observers and ANOVA test were used to analyze the differences between measurements of digital models from impression and digital models from plaster. Results: The results showed a statistically significant difference (pd"0.05) for the posterior teeth, anterior teeth, upper arch perimeter and lower inter-canine distance, comparing the digital models with plaster models, but these differences are considered clinically non-significant. Conclusions: Digital models were proven be reliable and clinically acceptable for measuring tooth width, perimeter arches, intercanine and intermolar distances.

Eritrocitosis patológica de altura: caracterización biológica, diagnóstico y tratamiento / High alitude patthological erythrocytosis: biological characterization, diagnosis and treatmnnt

Introducción. Los pobladores de grandes alturas se adaptaron de modo diferentes, siguiendo rutas distintas con el mismo objetivo de suministro de oxígeno y la supervivencia. En el presente trabajo se caracteriza la Eritrocitosis Patológica de Altura y se demuestra la eficacia de la atorvastatina en el tratamiento. Material y métodos. Se estudiaron: Sujetos varones como Controles Normales (CN), y pacientes con Eritrocitosis Patológica de Altura (EPA), Eritrocitosis Secundaria (ES) y Policitemia Vera (PV). Se realizaron estudios de laboratorio y de biología molecular. Se realizó estudio clínico de fase 2 con atorvastatina. Resultados. La EPA presenta: eritropoyetina normal, apoptosis retardada de progenitores eritroides, crecimiento autónomo de BFU-E e hipersensibilidad a la eritropoyetina. La atorvastatina como tratamiento en pacientes con EPA disminuye la concentración de hemoglobina y remite la sintomatología de la hiperviscosidad sanguínea. Conclusiones. La EPA tiene características propias que la distinguen de otras eritrocitosis patológicas y la atorvastatina se constituye en tratamiento eficaz.

Introduction. The residents of high altitude get use to it in different ways, following the same purpose in order to supply oxygen and survival. In the present paper, we characterize the High Altitude Pathological Erythrocytosis disease and demonstrate the effectiveness of atorvastatin in its treatment. Material and methods. We studied male subjects as normal controls (CN), and patients with High Altitude Pathological Erythrocytosis (EPA), Secondary Erythrocytosis (ES) and Polycythemia Vera (PV). Laboratory and molecular biology studies were conducted. We developed in the study of 2nd phase with atorvastatin. Results. The EPA presents: normal erythropoietin, delayed erythroid progenitors apoptosis, autonomous growth of BFU-E and hypersensitivity to erythropoietin. The atorvastatin in patient with EPA, decreased hemoglobin concentration and eliminates the symptomatology of blood hyperviscosity Conclusions. The EPA has characteristics that distinguish it from other pathologic erythrocytosis and atorvastatin becomes an effective treatment.

Mecanismo molecllar de las estatinas en el tratamiento de la eritrocitosis patoológica de altura / Molecular mechanism of statins in the treatment of high altitude pathological erythroyytosis

Introducción La Eritrocitosis Patológica de Altura es la manifestación hematológica de la Enfermedad Crónica de Altura, por adaptación inadecuada a grandes alturas de genes reguladores de la eritropoyesis. Las estatinas son inhibidores de la vía del mevalonato involucrado en la regulación de la eritropoyesis. El presente trabajo describe los mecanismos moleculares de la inhibición de la eritropoyesis en pacientes con eritrocitosis patológicas. Material y métodos Se estudiaron 35 pacientes con eritrocitosis patológicas con radicatorias en las ciudades de La Paz y El Alto (3600 y 4000 msnm respectivamente). Se realizaron Cultivo de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas y Western Blot. Resultados Statins induce apoptosis of erythroid progenitors in the cell culture medium. Without the supplement of simvastatin the apoptosis was 12.3% and With simvastatin the apoptosis was 38.4% (p = 0.001). Furthermore statins inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors. Conclusiones Los mecanismos moleculares involucrados en la inhibición de la eritropoyesis son: a) Bloqueo de la isoprenilación de Rho y Ras, b) Inhibición de la fosforilación de Jak-2 y Stat-5, c) inhibición de la glicosilación del EpoR, d) Disminución de colesterol en microdominios de la membrana celular (raft lipid), e) Inducción de apoptosis a través de BCLxL y caspasa 9.

Introduction The High altitude Pathological Erythrocytosis is the chronic mountain sickness hematologic manifestation by inadequate adaptation to high altitudes of genes regulating erythropoiesis. Statins are inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway involved in the regulation of erythropoiesis. This paper describes the molecular mechanisms of erythropoiesis inhibitionin patients with pathological erythrocytosis. Material and methods We studied 35 patients with pathological erythrocytosis from La Paz and El Alto city (3600 and 4000 masl respectively). Were performed hematopoietic progenitor cell culture and Western blotting. Results Statins induce apoptosis in liquid culture medium. without simvastatin erythroid progenitors from apoptosis presentarón and 12.3% in the group supplemented with simvastatin 38.4% apoptosis (p = 0.001), statins also inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors, and inhibit transcription of STAT-5. Conclusions The molecular mechanisms involved in the erythropoiesis inhibition are: a) Inhibition of Ras and Rho isoprenylation, b) Inhibition of Jak-2 and Stat-5 phosphorylation, c) inhibition of EpoR glycosylation, d) Statins reduce lipid rafts cholesterol and reduce JAK2 localization to lipid rafts, e) Induction of apoptosis through caspase 9 and BclxL.

Cognitive and Executive Functions in Colombian School Children with Conduct Disorder: Sex Differences / Funciones cognitivas y ejecutivas en escolares colombianos con trastorno disocial: diferencias por sexo

Abstract Introduction: Most of the studies that have examined cognitive and executive functions in conduct disorders (CD) have been conducted on institutionalized male adolescents. In this research the cognitive and executive functions of non-institutionalized Colombian school children with CD were compared with normal school children, all between 6 and 12 years-old. Materials and methods: We used a case-control design. The cases were participants who met the diagnostic criteria for CD (n=39) and controls who did not meet these criteria (n=39), according to reports of a professional of the participants' institution, and a structured interview for childhood psychiatric syndromes. The two groups were selected from educational institutions, and there were no differences in age, school grade, or socioeconomic level. The IQ was reviewed, as well as the presence of other mental disorders, serious physical illnesses, and more serious neurological signs.The cognitive and executive functions were evaluated using a child neuropsychological test battery. Results: We found that participants with CD had significantly lower scores in construction abilities, perceptual abilities (tactile, visual and auditory), differed in verbal memory, differed in visual memory, language (repetition, expression and understanding), meta-linguistic abilities, spatial abilities, visual and auditory attention, conceptual abilities, verbal and graphic fluency, and cognitive flexibility. The same differences were found between males, except in repetition, whereas girls showed fewer differences, thus the cognitive and executive performance was poorer in males with CD than in females, especially in verbal and linguistic-related functions. Conclusions: Children with CD could show generalized cognitive and executive deficits. These deficits seem to be more frequent in boys than in girls with CD.

Resumen Introducción: La mayoría de los estudios que han examinado las funciones cognitivas y ejecutivas en el trastorno disocial (TD) se han llevado a cabo con adolescentes varones institucionalizados. En esta investigación, se compararon las funciones cognitivas y ejecutivas de escolares colombianos no institucionalizados con TD con las de escolares normales, todos entre 6 y 12 años de edad. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó un diseño de casos y controles, en el que los casos eran los participantes que cumplían los criterios diagnósticos de TD (n = 39) y los controles, aquellos que no cumplían estos criterios (n = 39), de acuerdo con el reporte de un profesional de la institución de los participantes y una entrevista estructurada de síndromes psiquiátricos infantiles. Los dos grupos fueron seleccionados de instituciones educativas y no diferían en edad, grado escolar y nivel socioeconómico. El CI fue controlado, así como la presencia de otros trastornos mentales, enfermedades físicas graves y signos neurológicos mayores. Las funciones cognitivas y ejecutivas fueron evaluadas a través de una batería neuropsicológica infantil. Resultados: Los participantes con TD presentaron puntuaciones significativamente más bajas en habilidades construccionales, habilidades perceptuales (táctiles, visuales y auditivas), memoria verbal diferida, memoria visual diferida, lenguaje (repetición, expresión y comprensión), habilidades metalingüísticas, habilidades espaciales, atención visual y auditiva, habilidades conceptuales, fluidez verbal y gráfica y flexibilidad cognitiva. Estas mismas diferencias se encontraron entre los varones entre sí, excepto en repetición, mientras que las niñas presentaron menos diferencias entre sí, de manera que el desem peño cognitivo y ejecutivo fue más bajo entre los varones que entre las niñas con TD, especialmente en funciones verbales y relacionadas con el lenguaje en general. Conclusiones: Los niños con TD podrían presentar déficits cognitivos y ejecutivos generalizados, que parecen ser mayores entre los niños que entre las niñas con dicho trastorno.

Canino mandibular con dos raíces / Mandibular canine with two roots

El canino inferior es un diente con raíz larga y ancha que le permite una adecuada implantación en el arco dentario. Es considerado un pilar valioso en muchos tratamientos rehabilitadores. Con la finalidad de mantener este elemento dentario es necesario realizar un correcto diagnóstico, para lo que se tendrá en cuenta el conocimiento de las variaciones anatómicas. El objetivo del artículo es presentar un caso de canino mandibular con dos raíces con sus respectivos canales radiculares .Paciente femenina de 21 años, que acudió a la Clínica de Radiología de la Facultad de Odontología de Piracicaba con indicación de una radiografía panorámica para valorar cirugía de terceros molares. Llamó la atención una configuración inusual de las raíces de los caninos mandibulares. En el examen de tomografía computarizada de haz cónico se observó que el canino mandibular del lado derecho presentaba dos raíces separadas, cada una con sus respectivos canales radiculares. Se concluyó que a pesar de la baja prevalencia de las variaciones anatómicas, estas pueden ocurrir en el número de raíces y canales de los caninos mandibulares, tal como se presenta en este reporte de caso(AU)

The mandibular canine is a robust and long tooth which allows an adequate implantation in the dental arch. It is considered a valuable pillar in many rehabilitating treatments. In order to maintain this important dental element, it is necessary to make a correct diagnosis, for which the knowledge of the different anatomic variations should be kept in mind. The objective of this article is to present a case of a mandibular canine with two roots with their respective root canals. A 21-year-old female patient went to the Radiology Clinic at the Faculty of Odontology of Piracicaba with the indication of a panoramic radiography for preoperative third molars surgery. An unusual root configuration of the mandibular canines was observed. In the cone beam CT, it was observed that the right mandibular canine presented two separate roots, each one with their respective radicular canals. It was concluded that, despite of the low prevalence of anatomical variations, these can occur in the root system of the mandibular canines, as presented in this case report(AU)

Detection of bifid mandibular condyle by panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography

Aim: To compare panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the diagnosis of bifid mandibular condyle. Methods: The sample consisted of 350 individuals who underwent panoramic radiography and CBCT. In the panoramic radiographs and CBCT images, the presence or absence of bifid mandibular condyle was determined. Results: Presence of bifid mandibular condyle was detected in four cases (1.1%). In all cases, the relation of one condylar process to the other was mediolateral and history of trauma was reported. None of the individuals had symptoms. In two cases, panoramic radiography did not reveal the presence of bifid mandibular condyle. Conclusions: Initial screening for bifid mandibular condyle can be performed by panoramic radiography; however, CBCT images can reveal morphological changes and the exact orientation of the condyle heads.

Epidemiología de las leucemias en Bolivia: 1473 casos enero 1999 a mayo de 2012 / Epidemiology of leukemias in Bolivia: 1473 cases from January 1999 to May 2012

Introducción La leucemia es la neoplasia hematológica más frecuente, su incidencia se ha incrementado en diferentes regiones del mundo. Bolivia está experimentando el fenómeno de la "transición epidemiológica", de una alta incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas a una creciente prevalencia de las enfermedades oncológicas. El presente trabajo describe las características epidemiológicas de las leucemias en Bolivia. Métodos Se analizaron los datos epidemiológicos y resultados de diagnósticos de 1473 muestras de pacientes con leucemia procedentes de diferentes Centros Oncohematológicos de Bolivia, en fechas comprendidas entre enero de 1999 a mayo de 2012. Todas las muestras fueron evaluadas con estudio morfológico e inmunofenotípico. Los diagnósticos de Leucemia Mieloide Crónica y Leucemia Mieloide Aguda M3 fueron confirmados con estudios biomoleculares. Resultados Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos: Se consideraron pacientes pediátricos a menores de 18 años y pacientes adultos a mayores de 18 años y un día. De los 1473 pacientes con leucemia, 896 (61%) fueron niños y 577 (39%) fueron adultos. De los pacientes pediátricos 47% fueron niñas y 53% fueron niños. La distribución según diagnóstico fue la siguiente: Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda 706 (79%), Leucemia Mieloblástica Aguda 172 (19%) y Leucemia Mieloide Crónica 18 (2%). De los pacientes adultos 43% fueron mujeres y 57% fueron varones. La distribución según diagnóstico fue la siguiente: Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda 188 (33%), Leucemia Mieloblástica Aguda 176 (30%), Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica 31 (5%) y Leucemia Mieloide Crónica 182 (32%). Conclusión Los resultados obtenidos presentaron características epidemiológicas propias para Bolivia, probablemente por la estructura multiétnica, pluricultural y la expectativa de vida menor en relación a otros países.

Introduction Leukemia is the most common hematological neoplasm, their incidence was increased in different regions of the world. Bolivia is experiencing the phenomenon of "epidemiological transition", from a high incidence of infectious diseases to an increasing prevalence of oncological diseases. This paper describes the epidemiological features of leukemia in Bolivia. Methods Patients were grouped into two groups: The pediatric patients under 18 years and adult patients over 18 years and one day. We studied the diagnostic results and epidemiological data of 1473 samples of leukemia patients from different centers for oncohematologic disease of Bolivia, in dates between January 1999 to May 2012. All the samples were tested with morphologic and immunophenotypical studies. The diagnoses of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and Acute Promyelocitic Leukemia (AML-M3) were confirmed with biomolecular studies. Results Of 1473 patients with leukemia, 896 (61%) were pediatric patients and 577 (39%) were adults patients. In pediatric patients were 47% girls and 53% were children. The distribution according to the diagnosis was the following: acute lymphoblastic leukemia 706 (79%), acute myeloblastic leukemia 172 (19%) and chronic myeloid leukemia 18 (2%). In adult patients 43% were women and 57% were male. The Distribution according to the diagnosis was the following: acute lymphoblastic leukemia 188 (33%), acute myeloblastic leukemia 176 (30%), chronic lymphocytic leukemia 31 (5%) and chronic myeloid leukemia 182 (32%). Conclusion The results obtained showed different epidemiological characteristics, probably due to the structure multiethnic, multicultural and lower life expectancy in relation to other countries.

Terceiro molar intrassinusal: relato de caso / Intra-sinusal third molar: case report

Ectopic tooth eruption into an area other than the oral cavity is rare. Nasal septum, mandibular condyle, coronoid process and infratemporal fossa space have been reported as frequent locations for ectopic tooth eruption. Ectopic teeth located within the maxillary sinus may be asymptomatic, found only in routine examinations. Headache, sinusitis and nasal obstruction are some of the associated symptoms. The differential diagnosis includes foreign bodies (rhinolith), infections (syphilis and tuberculosis), benign lesions (hemangioma, osteoma, calcified polyp) and malign lesions (osteosarcoma). Upper third molars located within the maxillary sinus may be associated with the development of mucocele or dentigerous cyst. The aim of this paper was to describe the case of a 24-year old female patient with an ectopic right upper third molar in the maxillary sinus. A hyperdense area was observed with sinus obliteration, consistent with mucous material.

Erupção ectópica dos dentes em outras regiões além da cavidade oral é rara. O desenvolvimento ectópico desses dentes tem sido relatado no septo nasal, côndilo mandibular, processo coronoide e no espaço da fossa infratemporal. Dentes ectópicos localizados no seio maxilar podem ser assintomáticos, descobertos em exames radiográficos de rotina. Dentre os sintomas associados estão cefaleia, sinusite e obstrução nasal. Corpos estranhos (rinólitos), processos infecciosos (sífilis ou tuberculose), lesões benignas (hemangioma, osteoma, pólipos calcificados) e malignas (osteossarcoma) podem ser considerados no diagnóstico diferencial de dentes ectópicos. Os terceiros molares superiores, quando localizados no seio maxilar, podem estar associados ao desenvolvimento de mucocele, assim como de cistos dentígeros. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste artigo foi relatar o caso de uma paciente do gênero feminino, com 24 anos de idade, em que se observou terceiro molar superior direito com localização intrassinusal associado a uma área de hiperdensidade média, causando parcial obliteração do seio maxilar, compatível com material mucoide.